How does the internet work?

How does the internet work? The data center which can be thousands of miles away from you has your video stored inside it. How does this data reach your mobile phone or a laptop? An easy way to achieve this goal would be with use of satellites. From the data center, a signal could be sent to the satellite via an antenna, and then from the satellite a signal could be sent to your mobile phone via another antenna near to you. However, this way of transmitting signals is not a good idea. Let's see why. The satellite is parked nearly 22,000 miles above the earth's equator, so in order for the data transmission to be successful, the data would have to travel a total distance of 44,000 miles. Such a significant distance of movement causes a critical postponement in accepting the sign.  All the more explicitly it causes gigantic inactivity which is inadmissible for most web applications so on the off chance that any article you read or any video you watch online doesn’t contact you by means of a satellite, at that point how can it really  get to you?

Well it is finished with the assistance of a confused system of optical fiber links, which associate between the server farm and your gadget. Your phone could be connected to the internet via cellular data or any Wi-Fi router, but ultimately at some point your phone will be connected to this network of optical fiber cables. If you watch any video or read any article online, that is stored inside a data center. To be more specific, it is stored in a solid-state device within the data center. This SSD acts as the internal memory of a server. The server is simply a powerful computer whose job is to provide you the article or other stored content when you request it.Presently the test is the means by which to move the information put away in the server farm explicitly to your gadget through the unpredictable system of optical fiber cables.

Before continuing further we should initially comprehend a significant idea which is the idea of an IP address. Every device that is connected to the Internet whether it is a server a computer or a mobile phone is identified uniquely by a string of numbers known as an IP address. You can consider the IP address like your street number that is the location ,that interestingly distinguishes your home. Any letter sent to you reaches you precisely because of your home address. Correspondingly in the web world an IP address goes about as a delivery address through which all data arrives at its goal. Your internet service provider will decide the IP address of your device and you are able to see what IP address your ISP has given to your mobile phone or laptop. The server in the data center also has an IP address. The server stores a website so you can access any website just by knowing the server's IP address. However, it is difficult for a person to remember so many IP addresses. So to take care of this difficult space names like youtube.com, facebook.com and so forth are utilized which compare to IP tends to which are simpler for us to recall than the long succession of numbers.

 Another thing to notice here is that a server has the capability of storing several websites and if the server consists of multiple websites, then all the websites cannot be accessed with the server's IP address. In such cases additional pieces of information, host headers are used to uniquely identify the website. However, for the giant web sites like Facebook.com or YouTube.com, the entire data center infrastructure will be dedicated to the storage of the particular website. To get to the web we generally use are the names rather than the mind boggling IP address numbers. From where does the web get IP delivers comparing to our space name demands. All things considered, for this reason the web utilizes a tremendous telephone directory known as DNS. On the off chance that you know an individual’s name, however don’t have the foggiest idea about their phone number you can basically find it in a telephone directory. The DNS server provides the same service to the internet. Your internet service provider or other organizations can manage the DNS server. Let's have a recap of the whole operation. You enter the domain name, the browser sends a request to the DNS server to get the corresponding IP address. After getting the IP address, your browser simply forwards the request to the data center, more specifically to the respective server. Once the server gets a request to access a particular website the data flow starts.

The data is transferred in digital format via optical fiber cables, more specifically in the form of light pulses. These light heartbeats once in a while need to travel a huge number of miles by means of the optical fiber link to arrive at their goal.  During their excursion they frequently need to experience extreme landscapes, for example, sloping zones or under the ocean.  There are a couple of worldwide organizations who lay and keep up these optical link systems. These visuals show how the laying of optical fiber cables is done with the help of a ship. A plow is dropped deep into the sea from the ship, and this plow creates a trench on the seabed and to which places the optical fiber cable. Indeed, this complex optical link arrange is the foundation of the Internet. These optical fiber cables carrying the light are stretched across the seabed to your doorstep where they are connected to a router. The router converts these light signals to electrical signals. An ethernet link is then used to transmit the electrical signs to your PC. In any case on the off chance that you are getting to the Internet utilizing cell information, from the optical link the sign must be sent to a cell tower and from the cell tower the signal reaches your cell phone in the form of electromagnetic waves. Since the Internet is a worldwide system, it has gotten critical to have an association to oversee things like IP address task, space name enlistment and so on.. This is totally overseen by an establishment called ICANN situated in the USA. One amazing thing about the internet is its efficiency in transmitting data when compared with cellular and landline communication technologies. The video that you  watch online or the article you read , from the Google Data Center is sent to you in the form of a huge collection of zeros and ones. What makes the information move in the web proficient is the manner by which these zeros and ones are slashed up into little lumps known as parcels and transmitted. Let's assume these streams of zeros and ones are divided into different packets by the server where each packet consists of six bits. Along with the bits of the article or video each packet also consists of the sequence number and the IP addresses of the server and your phone. With this information the packets are routed towards your phone. It's not necessary that all packets are routed through the same path and each packet independently takes the best route available at that time. After arriving at your telephone the bundles are reassembled by their grouping number. If it is the case that any packets fail to reach your phone and acknowledgement is sent from your phone to resend the lost packets. Presently contrast this and a postal system with a decent foundation, yet the clients don’t observe the fundamental guidelines in regards to the goal addresses.  In this situation letters won’t have the option to arrive at the right goal. Similarly in the internet we use something called protocols for the management of this complex flow of data packets. The conventions set the standards for information parcel transformation, connection of the source and goal delivers to every bundle and the guidelines for switches and so forth for various applications the protocols used are different. 

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Black Holes

Black Hole

What are black holes? Black holes are still to some degree a puzzle to us, anyway that may not generally be the situation. What we can be sure of is, that they're quite alarming and our cosmic system alone is thought to contain at any rate 100 million of them. Black holes are wandering around our cosmichood. Their gravity is so dense that they are not stuck in orbit of another object. They also don’t emit any light or radiation so you can’t see them, making it hard to know exactly where they are.

 We can, however, see the holes effect on near by matter. Unless there is a lot of nearby matter, black holes can sneak around undetected. There are two types of black holes; super massive black holes which are at the heart of every galaxy, and stellar mass black holes, which are the ones that can really creep up on you.

The nearest stellar mass black hole we know of is thought to be just under 3 thousand light years away and is about 9 times the mass of our sun. So what is a black hole exactly and why would it matter if we got close to one? Black holes are very very dense. They’re so heavy, that they start to bend space and time, inwards. Obviously, if they’re able to bend space,black holes are denser than our sun, which means if one came close to earth, the gravitational pull of our solar system would shift… meaning planets would be torn from orbit and likely smash into one another. If we were able to avoid any planet smashing,we would quickly discover that earth has become a dart board for asteroids. Asteroids orbit too, and as much smaller rocks,they would easily be torn from their current paths and hurled towards Earth. This would not be ideal, as this could cause wide spread death and destruction, and possibly a number of fires. If we, by some chance, managed to survive that, this next part would assure an end to humanity. As we were drawn closer to the black hole,our atmosphere would be torn away and sucked in, then parts of the planet would break up itself. Also, the radiation created from all the other broken apart material from other planets and cosmic junk would be very, very intense. 

Black Hole in Milky Way 

What happens when we cross the event horizon and start travelling into that hole. Well, honestly, we don’t know, but thereare some key theories out there. 

The first is of spaghettification. Some scientists think that at the bottom of a black hole is a point of singularity. Our earth would be broken apart, molecule by molecule, in a funnel effect leading down to this dense point of singularity. We would be stretched out like spaghetti,so thin that we would exist atom on top of atom.

 Others theories that black holes are not holes,but doors to the other side of the universe. As black holes already bend time and space, many think they’re folds in time and space and that matter comes out of the other side and expands outwards…like a big bang.

We know that our universe is expanding, wecan see it. We know that it started in a very hot, dense place and exploded outwards. Could we have come out of a black hole? Another theory is that, if earth fell in toa black hole, we wouldn’t even notice. Some scientists believe that instead of being destroyed, any material that touches a black hole turns into a near perfect hologram. So far as we are aware and can hypothesis,the only way to escape being sucked in by a black hole is to travel faster than the speed of its gravitational pull, so faster than the speed of light, which is something we are not even close to be able to doing. Our solar system has been doing find for 4.5 billion years, which suggests we have never come into contact with a blackhole yet, so we probably shouldn’t worry too much. Scientists have created something called a Large Hadron Collider, which smashes particles together and is thought to be able to create a black hole. This collider cost billions of dollars and is designed to help us understand particle physics and the origins of the universe. … but it could be powerful enough to generate a miniature black hole. 

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